Energy Atlas

How The World Is Powered
Energy Sources

Nuclear Power

Also Known As Nuclear Fission Power
Nuclear Fission

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Orbiting Nucleus

Electricity generated from the heat of controlled nuclear fission, almost always of uranium fuel in a moderated reactor. From the first grid-connected plant in 1954, nuclear power grew to supply roughly a tenth of world electricity, carbon-free at the point of generation, with its history marked by the accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima and by unresolved questions of waste and cost.

Facts
Source Class
Nuclear 1
First Commercial Year
1954 2
The Obninsk plant in the Soviet Union delivered the first nuclear electricity to a public grid in June 1954; Calder Hall in England, 1956, is often cited as the first industrial-scale nuclear station.
Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Used By

Sources
1. United States Energy Information Administration Official Site
US Energy Information AdministrationView the Source
1. United States Energy Information Administration Official Site
US Energy Information AdministrationUsed By: Vogtle Units 3 and 4, Today in Energy, Vogtle Unit 4 commercial operation
Quote, Used By: Vogtle Units 3 and 4, Today in Energy, Vogtle Unit 4 commercial operation
Both Vogtle Units 3 and 4 use a newer reactor design, the Westinghouse AP1000
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationView the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationAssociated With: Thorium, Information Library, Thorium, Developing a thorium-based fuel cycle
Quote, Associated With: Thorium, Information Library, Thorium, Developing a thorium-based fuel cycle
Uranium is abundant and cheap and forms only a small part of the cost of nuclear electricity generation, so there are no real incentives for investment in a new fuel type
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationUsed By: Boiling Water Reactor, Information Library, Nuclear Power Reactors, Boiling water reactor (BWR)
Quote, Used By: Boiling Water Reactor, Information Library, Nuclear Power Reactors, Boiling water reactor (BWR)
A BWR fuel assembly comprises 90-100 fuel rods, and there are up to 750 assemblies in a reactor core.
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationUsed By: Small Modular Reactor, Information Library, Small Nuclear Power Reactors
Quote, Used By: Small Modular Reactor, Information Library, Small Nuclear Power Reactors
A few small reactors are already in operation and there are dozens of designs in development.
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationUsed By: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Country Profiles, Ukraine, Nuclear industry development
Quote, Used By: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, Country Profiles, Ukraine, Nuclear industry development
the largest nuclear power station in Europe, with a net capacity of 5700 MWe.
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationAssociated With: Uranium, Revival of the nuclear boiler
Quote, Associated With: Uranium, Revival of the nuclear boiler
in June 1954 the world's first nuclear powered electricity generator began operation at the FEI in Obninsk.
View the Source
2. World Nuclear Association Information Library
World Nuclear AssociationUsed By: CANDU Reactor, Nuclear Power in Canada
Quote, Used By: CANDU Reactor, Nuclear Power in Canada
Candu (Canada deuterium uranium) reactor in the late 1950s.
View the Source
Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Associated With: Marie CurieView the Source
Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.Associated With: Enrico FermiView the Source
International Atomic Energy Agency Official Site
International Atomic Energy AgencyAssociated With: International Atomic Energy AgencyView the Source
World Nuclear News
World Nuclear AssociationAssociated With: Calder Hall Opens, UK marks 60th anniversary of Calder Hall
Quote, Associated With: Calder Hall Opens, UK marks 60th anniversary of Calder Hall
Although Magnox reactors were initially dual-purposed, combining power generation with plutonium production for military purposes, the latter function from 1964 was confined to other facilities at Windscale.
View the Source
Wikipedia
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: EDF, Electricite de France, Nuclear
Quote, Associated With: EDF, Electricite de France, Nuclear
56 active nuclear reactors in France...spread out over 18 sites
View the Source
Wikipedia
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, lead
Quote, Associated With: Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, lead
Much of the current knowledge of nuclear reactor behavior was discovered at this remote facility.
View the Source
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Site
Oak Ridge National LaboratoryAssociated With: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Decades of Discovery
Quote, Associated With: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Decades of Discovery
The Manhattan Project researchers accomplished that mission. Clinton Laboratories, or X-10, then began a rapid evolution into a research laboratory.
View the Source
Maricopa County Official Site
Maricopa County ArizonaUsed By: Palo Verde Generating Station, PVGS public information page
Quote, Used By: Palo Verde Generating Station, PVGS public information page
considered the largest nuclear energy facility in the United States
View the Source
Teollisuuden Voima Official Site
Teollisuuden Voima OyjUsed By: Olkiluoto 3, Releases 2023, Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3
Quote, Used By: Olkiluoto 3, Releases 2023, Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3
Europe's largest nuclear power plant unit
View the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
When will deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste become operational at scale?

Finland's Onkalo repository, the furthest advanced in the world, remains without an operating licence as of early 2026, with the regulator STUK's decision delayed until the end of June 2026, while the United States shelved its Yucca Mountain repository in 2010 after decades of preparation and billions of dollars of investment, with no replacement site designated since. No country has yet begun routine operation of a deep geological repository for high-level waste, so estimates of when this technology will be proven at scale rest on regulatory and political timelines as much as engineering ones.

What would resolve this Onkalo receiving its operating licence and beginning waste emplacement, or a comparable repository elsewhere reaching the same milestone, would establish a real-world operating timeline rather than a projected one.
Nuclear engineering and geology, together with energy policyWikipedia
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